Learn About the Universal College Application

Find out About the Universal College Application While the Common Application is as yet the online application configuration of decision for most of schools that don't utilize their own applications only, a couple of dozenâ schools have likewise started to acknowledge the Universal College Application. Some utilization this fresher configuration only or notwithstanding their own institutional application, yet many acknowledge both the Universal College Application and the Common Application, surrendering the decision over to the candidate. So what’s the distinction? The Common Application is acknowledged by about 700â colleges and colleges the nation over and globally as of the 2016-2017 application cycle. About 33% of these universities are Common Application restrictive, implying that they don't have a different institutional application or acknowledge applications in some other organization. The Common Application effectively initially advanced a way of thinking of â€Å"equity, get to, and integrity,† implying that part universities utilized a comprehensive way to deal with their application survey process, considering letters of suggestion, the individual article, and some other supplemental data gave by the understudy notwithstanding test scores and secondary school grades. This prerequisite, notwithstanding, has facilitated as of late as the Common Application attempts to carry more schools into the crease. The Universal College Application has neverâ promoted a particular way of thinking or application necessities. Schools should essentially be authorize organizations that hold fast to the National Association for College Admissions Counseling Statement of Principles of Good Practice so as to utilize the Universal College Application. Just 34 schools and colleges right now utilize this application, and they differ broadly in size and notoriety, including everything from Ivy League and other exceptionally particular schools to little, private human sciences universities. Like the current Common Application, schools on the Universal College Application don't need to require letters of proposal or an individual article. Most individuals do at present require these components, however a few, including the Milwaukee School of Engineering, the University of Tampa, and Nazareth College, have decided to make the individual article discretionary. However, in any event, for most of schools who do require an exposition, the Universal College Application doesn't have explicit prompts. The individual exposition can be on any subject the understudy picks (an alternative that was disposed of from the Common Application in 2013) as long as it’s no longer than 650 words. Beside these distinctions, these two applications are genuinely comparable. Both pose a similar essential inquiries on personal and family data, scholastic records, and extracurricular exercises, and there aren’t numerous critical contrasts in the arrangement of the applications-which isn’t excessively astonishing, as they were, actually, made by a similar organization, Applications Online. Yet, will utilizing an alternate application put you in front of the pack during the application survey and affirmations process? Most definitely, no. As indicated by the Princeton confirmations office, â€Å"We see the two applications as equal and treat them similarly. It would be ideal if you don't hesitate to submit whichever application you like. Cornell, another Ivy that acknowledges the two configurations, takes a comparative position. From their confirmations site: â€Å"Although there are slight contrasts in the applications, it is essential to perceive that the two applications give us the basic data that our determination advisory groups should settle on astute affirmations choices, and they will be seen equally.† Toward the day's end, the two applications fill a similar need: to help the affirmations office choose if you’re a solid match for their school. However, on the off chance that you’re still uncertain of which application to use, here are a couple of all the more quick realities that may steer the results for either: Hoping to get a head start on the application procedure? The Universal College Application dispatches a month sooner than the Common Application, on July 1 as opposed to August 1.If you’re applying to various schools, remember that the Common Application has in excess of 650 part universities contrasted with the Universal College Application’s 34, so the chances are vastly improved that most, if not all, of the universities on your rundown acknowledge it. Make a rundown of the entirety of your schools and which applications they acknowledge; if just a couple are on the Universal College Application, it will surely spare you some an ideal opportunity to adhere to the Common Application.The Universal College Application has a couple of extra highlights that may speak to the innovatively clever candidates out there. It is perfect with most tablets and cell phones, so you can alter your application in a hurry. Additionally, on the off chance that you have a site or other on line substance that you’d like to impart to the schools you’re applying to, this application has a segment to include those connections. (Help yourself out, however, and leave the connection to your Facebook out of that segment.) At last, regardless of whether you apply to your fantasy school through the Common Application, the Universal College Application, or the college’s own institutional application, the most significant choice you ought to make during the procedure isn't the paper (or site) you put the data on, yet how to introduce yourself in the most ideal light to tell the school what your identity is and why you’d be an extraordinary expansion to their understudy body. Additionally, with the Common Application extricating the limitations on its enrollment and with the development of the new Coalition Application, the fate of the Universal College Application is unsure. While the other two applications have been picking up individuals, the Universal College Application lost twelve individuals in the recent years. As of the 2016-2017 affirmations cycle, 34 schools and colleges acknowledge the Universal College Application, running from exceptionally particular Ivy League foundations to little, private human sciences schools and examination colleges. Any authorize foundation that sticks to the National Association for College Admissions Counseling Statement of Principles of Good Practice is allowed to utilize the Universal College Application. Coming up next is a rundown of schools that as of now acknowledge the Universal College Application. Snap on a school for more data including confirmations prerequisites, SAT and ACT information, costs and money related guide, and then some. American University in Bulgariaâ â â â Location: Blagoevgrad, Bulgariaâ â â â AUBG official site Beloit Collegeâ    Location: Beloit, Wisconsin      Beloit College Profile      GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Beloit College Bryant Universityâ â â â Location: Smithfield, Rhode Islandâ â â â Bryant University Profileâ â â â GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Bryant University College of Charlestonâ â â â Location: Charleston, West Virginiaâ â â â Official UC site The University of Chicagoâ â â â Location: Chicago, Illinoisâ â â â University of Chicago Profileâ â â â GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for the University of Chicago Cornell Universityâ â â â Location: Ithaca, New Yorkâ â â â Cornell University Profileâ â â â GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Cornell Fisher Collegeâ â â â Location: Boston, Massachusettsâ â â â Fisher College Profile Harvard Universityâ â â â Location: Cambridge, Massachusettsâ â â â Harvard University Profileâ â â â GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Harvard Johns Hopkins Universityâ â â â Location: Baltimore, Marylandâ â â â Johns Hopkins University Profileâ â â â GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for JHU Johnson Wales Universityâ â â â Location: Providence, Rhode Islandâ â â â Johnson Wales University Profileâ â â â GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for JWU Lake Erie College      Location: Painesville, Ohio      Erie College Profile Milestone Collegeâ â â â Location: Putney, Vermontâ â â â Landmark College Profile Lawrence Technological Universityâ â â â Location: Southfield, Michiganâ â â â Lawrence Tech Profile Lynn Universityâ â â â Location: Boca Raton, Floridaâ â â â Lynn University Profile Milwaukee School of Engineeringâ â â â Location: Milwaukee, Wisconsinâ â â â MSOE Profile Nazareth Collegeâ â â â Location: Rochester, New Yorkâ â â â Nazareth College Profile Newberry Collegeâ â â â Location: Newberry, South Carolinaâ â â â Newberry College Profile Notre Dame of Maryland Universityâ â â â Location: Baltimore, Marylandâ â â â NDMU Profile Princeton Universityâ â â â Location: Princeton, New Jerseyâ â â â Princeton University Profileâ â â â GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Princeton Randolph College      Location: Lynchburg, Virginia      Randolph College Profile      GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Randolph College Rensselaer Polytechnic Instituteâ â â â Location: Troy, New Yorkâ â â â RPI Profileâ â â â GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for RPI Rhodes College      Location: Memphis, Teennessee      Rhodes College Profile      GPA, SAT and ACT Graph for Rhodes College Rice Univ

Speech Topics on Social Issues

Speech Topics on Social IssuesThere are certain speech topics on social issues that are commonly used in public and school speaking. A college senior who is speaking about an issue such as abortion should cover the issues of reproductive rights and the right to privacy. In the course of their speeches, they may speak about other topics such as immigration, the environment, and how to be a good citizen. It is important to do a bit of research prior to starting your speech and the topics that you will speak about so that you can be sure that you are giving your speech in the right way.As with any topic, research is needed to ensure that you have a good foundation for the topic. Researching will not only make it easier for you to deliver your speech, but it will also give you a good idea of what to talk about and what to avoid at all costs. With research, comes knowledge.The best way to research a topic is to talk to people who are familiar with the topic. Often, the easiest way to do t his is to simply look around at the various community groups and organizations that are in your area. At the local group, you can find people who will be happy to help you research any topic you have.Once you have identified some of the major topics that are popular, you can start to narrow down your list. It is very helpful to do research online so that you have a list of the top five topics. From here, you can begin to browse the various books and blogs that are available on the topic. You can also seek out your local library for additional information.This is important because good research requires you to approach the topic honestly. When you speak about topics that you are unfamiliar with, you run the risk of making generalizations. It is therefore important to do your research before speaking. If you do not know much about the topic, then don't take a chance on your speech.There are many other speech topics on social issues that you can address. The most common are of course t he abortion debate, the legalization of drugs, the gay rights movement, and immigration. If you choose to speak about the problems of these topics, you can share your experiences and speak to the audience's feelings about these issues. However, it is important to keep in mind that what you say should be a light hearted approach.It is always wise to have your own speech instead of using someone else's. The reason is because no matter how well written a speech is, it still cannot match up to one that is written by someone who knows how to use the written form of the English language. On the other hand, if you are using someone else's speech, you will not be able to use a lot of the different topics that you learn about on your own. The bottom line is that it is important to use what you know to write your own speech and not get sidetracked into writing something that someone else did.Talk about topics that you have experience with. If you feel confident enough to use the topics that y ou have learned about, then do so. However, it is important to remember that you can never use a topic that you do not fully understand, so do your research before beginning to talk about any subject.

Bretton Woods system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bretton Woods framework - Essay Example It is verifiable that in the present discussion on the universal financial co-activity, we miss chronicled prospect totally. Or if nothing else, we would prefer not to recall us the setting where was set up what we can call the incredible stationary undertaking of post-war period, not a greater amount of the job that one planned to make play at the time every extraordinary establishment in their separate field. It's anything but an inquiry to reexamine a period, effectively finished, however at any rate to recall, on a side, that the Agreements of Bretton Woods have a place with an incredible venture which, was not going from that point to be done, in any event until the disappointment of the Charter of Havana and the Cold war don't come to put at it a personal time. On the opposite side, which it is an issue of setting up this incredible task, to settle on the extraordinary choice as could compose it Shotwell in a book which totally mirrors the soul of now is the ideal time, ''that if the emergency of the Thirties, with its bunch of joblessness, separation of the world economy, business wars, and so forth, had adequately damaged the spirits so any thought of come back to the past, with this monetary request that had endeavored to reestablish in the between war period, is quickly cleared. That is being referred to; will be to set up another request, a request which breaks with the past. Thus that it was in this manner, it was not just important to modify the world economy on new bases, yet additionally to revamp the national economies on bases such reestablished. When is held the meeting of Bretton Woods, in July 1944 let us review it, the exit of the War is fixed since the emptying effective in Normandy. It is at the post-war period that is thus an issue of speculation, with the blunders of the past which was an issue of abstaining from recharging, with the manner by which one would reconstruct the world economy. It is likewise the manner by which one would standardize and augment this solidarity between the united countries which, over the fundamental contrasts, made with the goal that it seemed conceivable to set up another request. It is clear, when one ganders at this period with a specific passing that the United States assumed a job deciding in the establishment of this new kind, however it consents to bring numerous subtleties with what could show up with the main access just the establishment of another domineering request, a sort of Pax Americana forced. In this regard, it will be unquestionably intriguing to return on the substance even of the American venture, on the discussions that one could raise at the time remembering for the American popular sentiment, as on the pretended by these two huge heroes of Bretton Woods who were Keynes and White, to decisively observe the undertaking could be set up just to the extent that this task laid on normal standards, and that it addressed basic desires. It is under this point it is essential, to move toward the global request of post-war period and its possibilities; while looking at first towards the United States, as it is them which for the most part drew shapes of this request, yet additionally and in equal, while looking towards different nations, and in

Psychology Essay Topics List - an Overview

Psychology Essay Topics List - an Overview The Foolproof Psychology Essay Topics List Strategy Put simply, you've got to choose acute and intriguing topics that readers will highly evaluate. In essays a reader is made to think not merely on a single side of the coin. He may assume you are wasting space to make your essay appear longer. Thanks to the correct option of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you need to attain in your essay, there are many categories essay themes may be broken into. You always intuitively understand as soon as an intriguing essay idea is in fact the very best idea for you. It is quite easy to discover such a topic and also write this kind of essay as long as you stick to a few essential rules. You're an actual topic enthusiast! In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to discover ready-made essays and use them as an example. Different essay types need various questions. As tempting as it might appear to skip past the extra info and go right to the list of persuasive essay topics, don't do it. Maybe you thought you learned more due to the internet format. The increasing number of essay writing services is wholly overwhelming. To help you recognize which issues to discuss, we've listed the very best health care essay topics below. When it's our own health or the well-being of a loved one, there are lots of things to consider and research on. Urgent and essential healthcare services are provided dependent on the needs as opposed to financial opportunities. There are a lot of interesting biology essay topics to pick from. If you were assigned with writing of a biology essay and you've got complete liberty in selecting biology essay topics, you're a lucky student. Essays are definitely the most popular academic paper that looks might appear easy to writer. You may download our sample essay papers free of charge. Though the essay questions change, the topic of the essays often stays the same. Categories, essay topics could possibly be divided into. Qualities of a very good persuasive essay topic The topic needs to be specific. Selecting a great topic for your essay is among the most significant and frequently tricky parts for many students. Introducing Psychology Essay Topics List The matter of selecting psychology dissertation topics can be readily solved in the exact same way. Therefore, if you're experiencing certain problems in deciding on the proper topic for your scientific essay, feel free to get in touch with Professays.com. Together with a complete expert attitude our experts also place particular emphasis on the customer's expectations too. Everybody understands that fantastic medical experts are valued extremely high in the United States of america. Hearsay, Deception and Psychology Essay Topics List Schools should not have a thing to do with ads. College is an intellect ual place so attempt to convince the board that you're the suitable person in their opinion. Students need to be careful about posting on social networking. The point is you want to convince the reader your argument is the perfect one, and that means you'll certainly want to choose a topic that you're passionate about and something which you will get excited about researching and writing. You may discover something you are able to use, or something you are able to adapt for the particular guidelines of your paper. As soon as you settle on the subject and pick the position on which you will base your essay, the remainder of the job can then begin. It's necessary they provide some vivid real-life examples should they desire to convince their audience of their standpoint. The Advantages of Psychology Essay Topics List Therefore, process analyses can be quite detailed and at times quite long. In terms of the organization of the last essay, it's advisable to use a 5-paragraph structure. The multiple topics could be found, for instance, in the dissertation abstracts international database. You may observe that the approach is virtually always the exact same. Our role within nature ought to be one of subsistence in place of commercialization. A good deal of ideas for including art-related content just don't hold true to the basic fundamentals of STEM. There are a lot of methods in which we can start to reconsider our relationship with nature, but all of which require a great work. Obviously, you might select any topic, nobody could possibly know that you're describing experience that you never actually had, but don't forget that it is always simpler to tell the truth than to invent lies. The only rule to follow when selecting a topic for your college essay is to pick the topic you're eager to write about. There's no point if one selects a topic that isn't even understandable. Otherwise search for someone knowledgeable in the subject you've selected. There's no topic too hard for our experts. It's possible to go for an intriguing topic from any area of science. Prior exposure or knowledge about a specific subject provides better hindsight that may bring superior arguments on the issue. Even if you think in a specific argument very strongly, if you lack the evidence to show your point, then your argument might just be as great as lost.

Essay on Death and Love in Little Women - 873 Words

Four women, taught by weal and woe To love and labor in their prime. Four sisters, parted for an hour, None lost, one only gone... (365-366). Jo wrote these lines in a poem, after Beth died. This is the most significant struggle for Jo. Jo and Beth are the two middle sisters in the classic novel, Little Women (1869) written by Louisa May Alcott. This is a classic novel about an American family of four daughters, a father who is off at war and a mother who works for the food. Jo and Beth are best friends and Jo sets the example for Beth. Beth first gets sick when Mother goes off to take care of Father, who got seriously ill in the war. Beth comes down with scarlet fever that she caught from the baby down the road. Beth†¦show more content†¦Jo realizes that everything she has ever done is either to protect or benefit Beth. This even meant not falling in love with Teddy or anyone else for that matter, as it would be something coming in between their relationship. One evening Jo goes upstairs to tend to Beth, when she realizes that Beth is no longer sleeping. Beth is still, pale, has thin cheeks and is not breathing. As Jo quietly mourns by herself, she thinks about what her life will be like without Beth as her arms instinctively tightened their hold upon the dearest treasure she possessed. (285) As years progress, Jo feels lost without her Beth. She pulls away from the world and becomes bitter until Professor Bhaer comes to visit. She unleashes all her frustrations, worries, and hopes on him and realizes that she doesnt want to get hurt again. Losing Beth was her first heartache, and she doesnt want to have another. As Mr. Bhaer and Jo talk, Jo also discovers that she has deep feelings for him, but doesnt want to act on them, as it would not be proper for a lady in her time. The professor leaves for a couple of years for a job in the west, but promises to be back. 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Throughout the text, the main character, Meursault, creates closer, more meaningful relationships with other minor characters in the story. However, in his interactions with females in this book, Meursault’s thoughts and actions center on himself and his physical desires, observations, and feelingsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Sexing The Cherry By Jeanette Winterson1133 Words   |  5 Pagespower. She asks her readers why women are seemingly subordinate to men and why this is not the other way around. She pleads society to question why and how these boundaries of identity were made in the first place and why there is still a stigma against women gaining social and political power in this day and age. As this novel takes place during the time of the English Civil War, or some construct of that time as it is perceived in a post-modern perspective, women are considered to be subordinate

Essay on Steroid Usage - 1839 Words

Steroid Usage Why do so many people use steroids when there are so many health risks and side effects? Do people take steroids because they are not aware of all the risks? Not likely, steroids have been around since the 1930’s when Nazi scientists tried to invent drugs that would make German armies more powerful (Banks, Substance Abuse in Sport: The Realities, pg. 13-21). Though steroids were considered harmful and made illegal in 1991 (Berlow, Sports Ethics). Some side affects of steroids are baldness, high blood pressure, lowered sex drive, acne, nosebleeds, liver disease, kidney disease, and many more (Williams, Drugs and Athletic Performance, pg. 88-90). It may sound ridiculous and idiotic, to those who use steroids, with all the†¦show more content†¦25-27). From personal experience, a football player I knew said â€Å"I decided I was going to take steroids to get big and strong and aggressive. I didn’t care if I died, as long as I completed the season-just as long as I finished like a man.† This football player was so dedicated to being the best that he could be. He did not even care if he lost his own life. In recent years sports have become a huge industry. Just this year Alex Rodreguez signed a ten year two hundred and fifty million dollar contract with the Texas Rangers. This is the biggest contract in sports history. A gold medal in the Olympics can mean millions of dollars to athletes, coaches, managers, sponsors, and even countries. It is no wonder more and more people are striving to be the best, and will do whatever it takes to get there. When it comes to making money and a lot of it people will do just about anything. As for physical appearance almost everyone is self-conscience about how they look. For example, he turns to the mirror to stare at his reflection, pushing up the sleeves to the baggy sweater he wears to hide his body. Flexing his muscles, he lets out a sigh of dissatisfaction and disgust at the body he hates, longing to look like the bodybuilders he admires. Steroids are enormously popular not only on the sports track, but also in the world of workout gyms and fitness buffs. Most people would likeShow MoreRelated The History of Steroids: The Legal and Illegal Usage of Steroids1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of steroid by athletes has been a controversial issue for some time. One can argue that the usage is totally wrong and it is against the morals and the rules of the games. Although steroids boost up the process of muscle building and endurance, it also has complications in the long run. Those that cheat their way by using and or abusing such chemicals can have serious he alth defects. 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Most your sport competitors participate in sports to have the opportunity to put their abilities against those of their peers. Many athletes are determined to win at all cost. They may use that determination to justify the use of

Strategic Management Corporation Identification

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Managementfor Corporation Identification. Answer: Introduction In a nutshell, corporate identification can be described as the identity of an organization, which identifies both the similarities and differences of the company from the others. To add, the identities of a company creates its uniqueness trails that may include its marketplace, activities, organizational type, procedures, structure, culture, geographical scope, quality, location, and marketplace (Balmer 2008, p. 874). Corporate identification lingers more along factors influencing communication, behaviour, and symbolism that is expressed towards an external and an internal audience. A good example of a corporate identity is LVMH (Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessey) considering it is a corporation that has changed the perspective of numerous business units and includes corporate functioning dynamics. Being a luxury company, LVMH have become a significant mark as a symbol on numerous products that are today used by several business units providing products associated with both luxury and style (He and Mukherjee 2009, p. 5). The term corporation has several definitions as per different researchers. A corporation can be defined as an organization or business that is formed by a selected number of people and has both the liabilities and the rights that are separate from the persons who are involved. Taking this into consideration, a corporation can therefore be a non-profit organization that engages itself in several activities aimed towards the good of the public. For instance, a municipal corporation that may be either for a town, a city, or a private corporation that has been organized in a way that it can make some profit (Kanter 1993). According to the law, a corporation has numerous responsibilities and rights that are alike as an entity. As such, it can own property, own, and even sell or bind itself to a contract or a lease, as well as sue its partners. In addition, it pays taxes. In most cases, a corporation can be punished or prosecuted with fines where the law is violated. However, its main advantages are its indefinite existence, which can be over a lifetime of the founder or any one member, and providing the limited personal liability protection to its owners (Reich 1998). Product Portfolio and Service Portfolio A product portfolio can be defined as a collection of the products that a corporation has. As such, it can entail of a wide array of product categories, diverse in their lines, and lastly the individual product itself. However, in all the three levels of a products portfolio, the management is needed. This is because mangers are required to manage the product lines, the individual products, and lastly the top management level that is responsible for managing the entire portfolio (Day 1977). On the other hand, service portfolio refers to all of the services description that are involved in all of the stages of the service lifecycle. In addition, it represents the investment and the commitment made to all the marketplaces and customers by the service provider (Janssen and Feenstra 2006, p. 227). Business Unit Identification In LVMH, there are several business units, among them, wines and spirits. The business unit has exceptional brands that are unique in their own different ways. A strategic management business unit can be defined as a significant segment of an organization that undergoes analysis to advance the strategy of an organization to generate future revenues or businesses. In LVMH, the wines and spirits business unit is considered to be a single and complete product line. Despite the fact the fact that a strategic business unit varies in the form it takes, a common characteristic is common. In addition, all strategic business units are sole businesses, or in other cases a collection of businesses. As such, it means that the business units have their own managers and competitors. The managers are operationally accountable for all the operations taking place and can therefore be planned for independently (Gupta and Govindarajan 1984, p. 36). According to Kekre and Srinivasan (1990, p. 1223), a product line can be defined as a group of products that are similar under a single brand, and that are sold by the same company given that consumers are highly likely to procure products from a brand that they may be familiar with already. Service line, on the other hand, refers to the more or less the same. It can be defined as an array of services provided by a single brand that are the same, and that are highly likely to be taken up by consumers considering they are already familiar with the brand (Lei, de Ruyter and Wetzels 2008, p. 272). Business Unit Revenue The business unit revenue center is responsible for measuring each units revenue that is generated per unit or user. On average, every units revenue makes it possible for companys analysis growth at every levels unit and revenue generation that enables investors to identify the products or services that are either low or high generators of revenue (Davis 2000, p. 566). In LVMH, the Wines and Spirits division accounts for over a third of the corporations group revenue (Lvmh 2017). The term revenue can be defined as the total amount of money that a company such as LVMH generates within a certain period that includes the deductions and the discounts for the merchandise returned. In actuality, it is the gross income or the top line figure from where there is a subtraction of costs for the determination of the net income. The calculation of revenue is done by the multiplication of the goods or services price that are sold by the units numbers or the sold amount (Pan 2016). External Environment Analysis There are several environmental factors affecting LVMH politically, economically, socially, technologically, and legally. Politically, legally, and economically, a country like China, which is among the organizations most promising markets, is considering to raise consumer taxes on luxurious goods to improve the income distribution (Lin and Wu 2014, p. 405). As a result, this has a high possibility of affecting the sales of LVMHs products. Socially cultural, according to Haddon (2013), there are conditions that have caused a rise in the awareness environmentally among governments and consumers. As such, for the LVMH products to attract more customers, they have to adopt to sustainable environmental practices. Technologically, the fast development of internet is remodeling the market of luxury goods industries. The rapid development of the Internet is reshaping the playing field in the luxury goods industry. As a result, LVMH has been weighing its odds to merge with a potential technology company to better launch its products (Peitz and Reisinger 2014). The term operating environment can be defines as the grouping of circumstances, conditions, and influences determining the use of an organizations forces while assisting its leaders make the decisions necessary. In addition, the operational environment entails of numerous variables that are interrelated including the interactions and relationships in the development of objectives and missions (Ansoff 2007). Source of Sustainable Competitive Advantage Sustainable competitive advantage refers to the occurrence of an organizations acquirement of attributes enabling it to perform better than its competitors. The attributes vary and can therefore entail access to skilled and highly trained staff or access to natural resources (Hatch and Dyer 2004, p. 1158). In the case of LVMH, the sources of its sustainable competitive advantage includes its value for both customers and the company. Rarity of its product given that the quality of their product is unlike others due to the fact that they are quite selective in terms of the way they use their raw materials as well as pick up their supplies. Inimitability, taking into consideration that their products have to undergo several testing stages in order to ascertain both the durability and quality of the product they sell to the consumers. In fact, there is guarantee on the products they sell in the market given that a majority of their workers are skilled as well as experienced in crafting t heir signature products. Non-substitutability of its products: the quality of products as provided by LVMH is not at a risk of being replaced by others with any other company. As such, there is directly no substitute for the quality they provide their customers with (Louis vuitton, 2017). There are several common factors of sustainable competitive advantage: valuable resources, rare resources, imperfectly imitable resources, and non-substitutable resources (Oliver 1997, p. 703). Strategic Direction LVMH has to further its agility and motivation so as to benefit from the hands on enterprise culture. As a result, they will be able to make the right decisions quickly, make the right investments where need be, and take on more opportunities that will enable them to increase their market share. In addition, this will apply regardless of the global economy growing or shrinking (Rumelt 2012). Strategic direction can be defined as a roadmap taken by an organization towards the achievement of set goals and objectives. Through the use or implementation of a strategic direction, an organization is able to identify what its objectives are, the way through which the objectives will be accomplished, the necessary resources needed, and the creation of a plan through which the organization has to work (Samra?Fredericks 2003, p. 149). References Ansoff, H., 2007.Strategic management. Springer. Balmer, J.M., 2008. Identity based views of the corporation: Insights from corporate identity, organisational identity, social identity, visual identity, corporate brand identity and corporate image.European Journal of Marketing,42(9/10), pp.879-906. Day, G.S., 1977. Diagnosing the product portfolio.the Journal of Marketing, pp.29-38. Davis, J.H., Schoorman, F.D., Mayer, R.C. and Tan, H.H., 2000. The trusted general manager and business unit performance: Empirical evidence of a competitive advantage.Strategic management journal, pp.563-576. Gupta, A.K. and Govindarajan, V., 1984. Business unit strategy, managerial characteristics, and business unit effectiveness at strategy implementation.Academy of Management journal,27(1), pp.25-41. Haddon, R.C., 2013. Graphene: noble no more. He, H.W. and Mukherjee, A., 2009. Corporate identity and consumer marketing: A process model and research agenda.Journal of Marketing Communications,15(1), pp.1-16. Hatch, N.W. and Dyer, J.H., 2004. Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage.Strategic management journal,25(12), pp.1155-1178. Janssen, M. and Feenstra, R., 2006. From application to service portfolio management: Concepts and practice. InEuropean Conference on E-government (EGEG)(pp. 225-234). Kanter, R.M., 1993.Men and Women of the Corporation. Basic books. Kekre, S. and Srinivasan, K., 1990. Broader product line: a necessity to achieve success?.Management science,36(10), pp.1216-1232. Louis vuitton.2017.Louis Vuitton Lockit.[Online].[10 April 2017].Available from: https://us.louisvuitton.com/eng-us/stories/lockit#/knowhow Lei, J., de Ruyter, K. and Wetzels, M., 2008. Consumer responses to vertical service line extensions.Journal of Retailing,84(3), pp.268-280. Lvmh.2017.WINES SPIRITS.[Online].[10 April 2017].Available from: https://www.lvmh.com/houses/wines-spirits/ Lin, Y. and Wu, L.Y., 2014. Exploring the role of dynamic capabilities in firm performance under the resource-based view framework.Journal of business research,67(3), pp.407-413. Peitz, M. and Reisinger, M., 2014. The economics of internet media. Pan , K.Y.2016.Wwwftcom.[Online].[10 April 2017].Available from: https://www.ft.com/content/bd326dbf-d83e-319f-bb77-639c07c24f70 Oliver, C., 1997. Sustainable competitive advantage: Combining institutional and resource-based views.Strategic management journal, pp.697-713. Rumelt, R.P., 2012. Good strategy/bad strategy: The difference and why it matters.Strategic Direction,28(8). Reich, R.B., 1998. The new meaning of corporate social responsibility.California management review,40(2), pp.8-17. Samra?Fredericks, D., 2003. Strategizing as lived experience and strategists everyday efforts to shape strategic direction.Journal of management studies,40(1), pp.141-174.

Rock Vs. Classical Music free essay sample

Meyer Rock music of today has turned to sit because of Mats TRY, the billboards, and Brittany Spears record sales have something to do with the size of her breasts. Rock music from the asss through today will be remembered for years, but it lacks the true timelessness of classical music. Classical music has beautiful harmonies that be appreciated for thousands of years. Modern rock is a shallow reflection of the time, showing lack of development due to sell out bands making music for money and not o make music.Classical also has the advantage of being highly structured music. Having a distinct structure and showing development from beginning to end helps make a song timeless. Also the depth and complexity of writing for tens or even hundreds of Instruments will make classical music appreciated by people for endless expanse time. The harmonies In classical orchestral music are Impossible to reproduce with a small band of rock Instruments. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Vs. Classical Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Modern rock has harmonies Just as all music does but the harmony between the lead guitar, bass guitar and the keyboard is no where near hat can be produced with an entire orchestra.Listen to Beethovens famous Fifth to hear the distortion that a solo of violins produces and what that can do for the sound. Then listen to something like Green Day or Corn. There is still distortion with the string instruments but with only two or three guitars in a modern rock band the depth of the sound is lost. Classical music Is typically very structured and organized. Mozart wrote all of his music with a very distinct Introduction, body, and conclusion. Listen to the introduction of his Requiem Mass and the distinct conclusion of Ellen Klein Enactments. Mozart music generally obeys the strictest rules of the time signature and the key. Then listen to the differences and general lack of structure In anything Bob Dylan wrote. Punk rock and hardcore death metal is even farther from strictly obeying the time signature. Pick up Pink Floods The Wall, Tools Laterals, and Nine Inch Nails The Fragile and to how the beginning and ending of each song is ambiguous. They flow together so that the point at which one song ends and the next begins is only known by the CD players time and track display. Modern rock is generally written for about four or five instruments and a lead voice that is consistent in every song. With an entire orchestra of instruments each section or even each Instrument can operate equally with all of the others. Solos and soles add even more to the depth and complexity. Rock music does have Its solos but not as often and usually Its only for a short time In a song. Right after the solo the Instruments return to their normal rank of lead guitar, keyboard, bass, then drums. O Rosins William Tell Future and how every instrument plays as the lead instrument at different points. Classical orchestral music and modern rock music have fundamental differences that obviously separate the styles but because modern rock lacks the beautiful harmonics, structure, and complexity it cannot be as timeless as Mozart can. Both types of music hold a certain value and although classical music sales are a small percentage compared to rock music, Beethoven will be listened to Just as much in 400 years as it IS today. The same cannot be said for even the Battles, Pink Floyd, or Metallic. Rock Vs. Classical Music free essay sample Having a distinct structure and showing development from beginning to end helps make a song timeless. Also the depth and complexity of writing for tens or even hundreds of instruments will make classical music appreciated by people for endless expanse time. The harmonies in classical orchestral music are impossible to reproduce with a small band of rock instruments. Modern rock has harmonies just as all music does but the harmony between the lead guitar, bass guitar and the keyboard is no where near what can be produced with an entire orchestra.Listen to Beethoven s famous Fifth to hear the distortion that a soil of violins produces and what that can do for the sound. Then listen to something like Green Day or Koran. There is still distortion with the string instruments but with only two or three guitars in a modern rock band the depth of the sound is lost. We will write a custom essay sample on Rock Vs. Classical Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Classical music is typically very structured and organized. Mozart wrote all of his music with a very distinct introduction, body, and conclusion. Listen to the introduction of his Requiem Mass and the distinct conclusion of Nine Klein Machinists.Mozart music generally obeys the strictest rules of the time signature and the key. Then listen to the differences and general lack of structure in anything Bob Dylan wrote. Punk rock and hardcore death metal is even farther from strictly obeying the time signature. Pick up Pink Floods The Wall, Tools Laterals, and Nine Inch Nails The Fragile and to how the beginning and ending of each song is ambiguous. They flow together so that the point at which one song ends and the next begins is only known by the CD players time and track display.Modern rock is generally written for about four or five instruments and a lead voice that is consistent in every song. With an entire orchestra Of instruments each section or even each instrument can operate equally with all of the others. Solos and collies add even more to the depth and complexity. Rock music does have its solos but not as often and usually its only for a short time in a song. Right after the solo the instruments return to their normal rank of lead guitar, keyboard, bass, then drums. Listen to a guitar solo in a Metallic song or a drum solo in a Koran song. Then listen to Rosins WilliamTell Future and how every instrument plays as the lead instrument at different points. Classical orchestral music and modern rock music have fundamental differences that obviously separate the styles but because modern rock lacks the beautiful harmonics, structure, and complexity it cannot be as timeless as Mozart can. Both types of music hold a certain value and although classical music sales are a small percentage compared to rock music, Beethoven will be listened to just as much in 400 years as it is today. The same cannot be said for even the Beetles, Pink Floyd, or Metallic.

DNA Fingerprinting essays

DNA Fingerprinting essays The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) composition of a human determines hair color, eye color, skin color, and any other physical or behavioral traits exhibited. DNA has a specific pattern that is called a DNA fingerprint. The chance that two people would have the same DNA fingerprint is one in thirty billion (except in cases of identical twins) (Mosby 1998). Since it is incredibly rare that two people do have an identical DNA pattern, there are many uses for the DNA Fingerprint. This paper will give a brief summary of what DNA fingerprinting is. It will tell its uses for today as well as how it will be used in the future. It will also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using DNA fingerprints. An abstract look at characteristics passed down by the parent and how inherited characteristics are linked to DNA fingerprints. Finally, an experiment with Drosophilia Melonogaster will be discussed. Every human cell (except gametes) contains a set of 23 chromosomes. Inside the chromosome is a coiled mass of genetic material called DNA. The structure of DNA looks like a twisted ladder with rungs. The four nitrogen bases that make up DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine (A, T, G, C) which are the rungs of the ladder. The pattern in which these fragments align on the ladder (A-G and T-C) is called a DNA fingerprint. Alec Jefferys and colleagues at Lister Institute discovered this concept in 1985 (Levy 1996). There are only slight variations in the DNA pattern of each individual that is why we all essentially have arms, legs, heads and abdomens (Levy 1996). There are two different methods or techniques for testing DNA. One technique used is called Southern Blotting (named after Ed Southern). In order for scientists to use this method, they must first separate the DNA from the cells of the body. Then scientists use restriction enzymes to cut the DNA into different sizes. Gel electrophoresis is used to separate t...

Bubbles on the South Sea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bubbles on the South Sea - Essay Example This is a significant drop in the total value of a market, almost undoubtedly to the popping of a bubble, creating a situation wherein the majority of investors are trying to flee the market at the same time and consequently incurring massive losses. And terribly affects everyone. The inevitable crash came and the strain proved too much to many joint stock companies. The immediate cause was the activities of the South Sea Company. It had been formed to engage in trading in the South Seas, but it also has engaged in the funding of the national debt in return for monopolistic privileges. The bad repute of this joint-stock companies had led to the passage of the Bubble Act for the regulation of companies in the main attempt to prevent panic. Bubble Act declared that only companies formed by charter or by a private act of parliament were legal. The South Sea Company was reasonably successful. It was chartered by the government for trade in South America and the South Sea. The relationship between the government and the company created confidence and high expectations. In the history, they were given the monopoly of trading in the Pacific Ocean and along the coast of South America, made an offer to the government to pay off the whole National Debt and to buy up the irredeemable annuities, according to Melville amounting of â€Å"â‚ ¤800,000 a year, provided the different public securities were consolidated into one fund in their hands and the government gave the company certain exclusive commercial privileges†. In spite of the limited privileges conceded to it in the Asiento by Spain, been highly successful in the slave trade. This means according to (Colliers Encyclopedia) â€Å"that they have the right for 30 years to supply Spanish-America colonies with 4,800 slaves annually and to send to Porto Bello and Vera Cruz a trading ship of 500 tons a year†.  

Discuss the learning environment on reggio emilia, steiner and Essay

Discuss the learning environment on reggio emilia, steiner and montessori early years settings - Essay Example It is only unique to Reggio Emilia as there are no international colleges to train someone to become a Reggio Emilia teacher whatsoever. The organization of the learning environment for Reggio Emilia is very critical to the early childhood program. It is often known as the childs third teacher. The major aims that are involved in the design of the new spaces or learning environment and the remodeling of the ones which are old usually includes a combination of each classroom with the rest of the school, and the surrounding community that is adjacent to the school. The importance of this learning environment lies with the feeling that all children can come up with the best meaning and make sense of the world through learning environments which support involving, varicolored, sustained, and the changing relationships among people, the experience in the world, ideas and the numerous ways of showing ideas. The preschools are specifically filled with elements such as indoor plants and vines with the natural light evident. The classrooms are open to a center piazza while the kitchens are open to the general view. Additionally, the access to the surrounding communities is all but assured through windows that are almost wall-size. The entries are the ones that mainly capture the attention of the children and the grownups through the mirrors that are on the walls and ceilings. Other important features of this learning environment include the abundant space that is available for the supplies. They are often rearranged in order to draw the attention that is related to their beautiful features. There are studio spaces in each classroom which are in the form of an ample anterior that is centrally located. In the school, there are significant efforts of creating opportunities for children interaction. Waldorf schools are based on the educational philosophy of Rudolf Steiner, who is a philosopher based in Austria. Rudolfs feelings on

Care Delivery & Management Essay Example for Free

Care Delivery Management Essay The purpose of this assignment is to reflect upon my personal and professional development. It will consider the quality of the care I provided, the skills I developed in my specialist placement, plus my learning since the commencement of my nurse training. Personal learning and self-reflection will be identified. I shall be using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle to consider my practice. Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle looks at six aspects which include the following; what happened, what were my thoughts and feelings, what was good or bad about the experience, what sense can I make out of the situation, what else could I have done and if it arose again what would I do? Findings will be supported or contrasted by relevant literature. A conclusion will be offered to evaluate findings. I shall also include an action plan, which will address future professional and personal development needs and any factors that may help or hinder this. I will also consider why I have selected these issues for my action plan, what my goals are and how I aim to achieve them. At the beginning of my nurse training we were asked to write on a piece of piece what our definition of nursing was. I wrote ‘It’s about being human’. At the time these words were based on my gut feeling and personal belief. Now, two and a half years later, I would write the same thing, but this time my definition would be based on the skills, knowledge and experiences I feel privileged and grateful to have had during my training and not just on gut feeling and personal belief. How does this knowledge impact on me in terms of practice? I can now put my definition of nursing into a framework and relate the theory of it to practice, for example I can identify when I am actively undertaking anxiety management with a patient. This is quite an achievement for me. What else have I learnt? I have gained knowledge of illnesses and understand how bio-psycho-social aspects of mental illness impact on the individual, their family and their life. I have also developed a good basic knowledge of practical skills such as: counselling, anxiety management, assessment, nursing and communication models, problem-solving and psychotherapy. This knowledge and development of practical skills has enabled my self confidence and self esteem to grow. What things have had the most influence on my personal and professional learning? These things are what ‘It’s about being human’ means to me as a nurse. They include a humanistic care philosophy. Evidence suggests that patients have found the humanistic care philosophy to be positive and helpful to their well-being (Beech, Norman 1995.) Humanistic care believes in; developing trust, the nurse-patient relationship, using the self as a therapeutic tool, spending time to ‘be with’ and ‘do with’ the patient (Hanson 2000,) patient empowerment, the patient as an equal partners in their care (Department Of Health 1999,) respect for the patient’s uniqueness, recognition of the patient as an expert on themselves (Nelson-Jones 1982, Playle 1995, Horsfall 1997). Equally important to me is person-centred care, Roger’s (1961) unconditional positive regard, warmth, genuineness and empathy, recognition of counter-transference, self-reflect ion and self-awareness. I was on placement with Liaison Psychiatry also known as Deliberate Self Harm. The team consisted of my mentor and myself. In this placement we would assess patients who had deliberately self harmed. Patients would be referred via AE only. We would see patients whilst they were still in AE or after they had been transferred to hospital wards for medical treatment for their injuries etc. We would only see patients once they were medically fit to have a psychiatric assessment. The purpose of the assessment was to find out what was happening for the individual and see if we could offer any help via mental health services to the individual, this is done via implementing ‘APIE’ the nursing process (Hargreaves 1975). The main focus was to consider what degree of risk we felt the patient was in. Therefore we needed to establish what the individuals intent was at the time of the deliberate self harm, and if suicidal, whether they still had suicidal intent after the incident. We also held a weekly counselling clinic. I considered Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle. How did I feel about this placement? At first I was apprehensive as to how I would feel dealing with patients who do not necessarily want to live. I belong to a profession that saves lives, so I felt an inner conflict. This is an anxiety that is recognised in most nurses (Whitworth 1984). In my first few weeks I felt distressed by the traumatic events that these patients were experiencing. I felt guilty that I have a family who love me, a fulfilling career, a lovely home and no debts, then each day I talk to people who may have no home, no money, no one to love them and no employment. It was hard for me to make sense of these things when life circumstances, such as class, status, wealth, education and employment create unfairness. I felt a desire to help try and improve the quality of these patients’ situations. Midence (1996) has identified that these feelings are a normal response when dealing with others less fortunate that oursel ves. Patients’ who attempt suicide have lost hope (Beck 1986). I felt more settled and positive once I was able to make sense of the situation (Gibbs 1988). I realised that could help by listening to these patient’s and help to restore hope, develop problem solving ideas to tackle some of their problems or referring them to gain the emotional help and support they needed from appropriate mental health services. Patients find help with problem solving extremely valuable and can help them feel able to cope (McLaughlin 1999). Generally, after most assessments, I learnt that listening, giving emotional support and problem solving helped restore enough hope in the previously suicidal patient enable them to feel safe from future self harm. In only a handful of cases did my mentor and I need to admit patients to any inpatient facility under the Mental Health Act (1983). This was because they still felt at risk of future self-harm. Through using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle to consider my special placement area I feel I have been able to change my nursing practice in a positive way, initially from feeling anxious, guilty and helpless when dealing with suicidal patients to feeling useful, constructive and positive. I’ve learnt that by confronting my own feelings of guilt and discomfort I was able to help in a very positive, practical, constructive and empowering way. My mentor identified that one of my strengths is that I can generally combine common sense, logic and practicality in terms of risk assessment and problem solving and still build up a sensitive and caring, therapeutic relationship when dealing with patients whose circumstances are in crisis and complicated and they themselves are emotionally and mentally vulnerable. Nurses not only need good communication skills (Faulkner 1998) but they also need to have an environment conductive to open communication (Wilkinson 1992). Social barriers such as environment, structure or cultural aspects of healthcare can inhibit the application of communication skills (Chambers 2002) Utilising Gibbs (19988) Reflective Model, in retrospect; I feel our interview with some patients could have been done differently. On occasions when my mentor and I were in the A E department the two rooms that we had available for our use were occasionally both in use. This meant that we would conduct our assessment interviews in the Plaster Room, if it was empty. This room was where medical patients would have plaster-casts applied. This was a very clinical room. However, due to limited room availability this was sometimes the only option we had at the time, it was not a welcoming or appropriate setting and would not have helped patients feel relaxed or valued. In reflection, I believe it was actually demeaning as we were asking patients who had attempted suicide to sit on a hard chair in a clinical workroom and share their despair with us. I am sad that this happened and I feel as though we were giving the patients the impression that a cold clinical work room is all they were worth. If this arose again (Gibbs 1988) I would suggest to my mentor that we wait for one of our allocated rooms to become available, where the rooms were relaxing, with soft armchairs and a feeling of comfort. Using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Model I shall describe a situation with a patient to highlight my learning. What happened (Gibbs 1988)? Neil had been bought to AE by his son after he made an attempt to take his own life. His son explained that Neil’s wife had terminal cancer and had died the day before. Neil was unable to engage in conversation other that to repeat over and over again â€Å"I don’t want to live without my wife.† However the more disturbed and difficult to communicate a patient is the less interaction they receive therapeutic or otherwise from nursing staff (Cormack 1976, Poole, Sanson-Fisher, Thompson 1981, Robinson 1996a, 1996b). I found this too be true in Neil’s situation as some A E nurses did not wish to approach him because of his disturbed state and unresponsiveness to verbal cues. What were my thoughts and feeling (Gibbs 1988)? After spending twenty minutes in the assessment interview Neil had remained unresponsive to our approaches and had remained distressed, distant and uncommunicative for the entire time. I had past experience of recent bereavement within my immediate family and I realised that counter-transference was at play and was a reason for my strong emotional reaction to Neil’s distress resulting in me having an overwhelming desire to ease his suffering. Even though another part of me understood the need for him to experience this extreme pain as a normal part of grieving. What was good or bad about the experience (Gibbs 1988)? This was not a good experience for me because as a compassionate person, I found it extremely hard to suppress my own feelings of wanting to protect him from such devastating distress, although I recognised that I was over-identifying with him due to my own grief. I considered that he might have been embarrassed by the emotional state he was in and his inability to control his grief; he could not speak, maintain eye contact or even physically stand. What sense could I make of the situation (Gibbs 1988)? We adjourned for a few minutes so that my mentor and I could assess the situation. I thought it might be appropriate to utilise Heron’s Six Category Intervention Analysis (1975) cathartic intervention as a therapeutic strategy to enable the patient to release emotional tension such as grief, anger, despair and anxiety by helping to (Chambers 1990). I hoped it would facilitate the opportunity for Neil to open up and express his full feelings in a safe and supportive environment. I initially planned to sit quietly with him and briefly put a reassuring hand on either his hand, arm or shoulder. My mentor supported this action. I was aware that I ran a risk of misinterpretation by choosing therapeutic touch. Therapeutic touch may be criticised because it is open to misinterpretation by the patient and abuse of power by staff. The patient may view holding another’s hand as a sexual advance, violation or abuse, so nurses should always consider patient consent, appropriateness, context and boundaries. Clause 2.4 of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2002) Code Of Professional Conduct says that at all times healthcare professionals must maintain appropriate boundaries with patients and all aspects of care must be relevant to their needs. Therapeutic touch appeared acceptable given his situation and seemed appropriate to the context it would be performed in, given that my mentor would supervise me. As per Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle I considered what else I could have done especially if the situation arose again and mentor not been there. I would may have chosen to utilise Hanson’s (2000) approach of ‘being with’ whereby I use therapeutic use of self through the sharing of one’s own presence, and not involved any form of touch, avoiding any misinterpretation or breach of boundaries. I was anxious because I felt concerned that my nursing skills would be inadequate to address his needs due to his acutely distressed state. In reflection my mentor helped me acknowledge that this was about my own anxiety rather than being accurately reflective of my nursing ability. I approached Neil and explained that if it was acceptable with him I would like to sit quietly with him so that he was not alone in his distress. â€Å"It is likely that the nursing process is therapeutic when nurse and patient can come to know and to respect each other, as persons who are alike and yet different, as persons who share in the solution of problems† (Peplau 1988). I gently placed my hand onto his. Neil reacted by given the impression that he physically disintegrated, he become extremely distressed and crying loudly, squeezing my hand tightly. This continued for several minutes. Neil became calmer and started to talk about his situation. This was a good outcome. I was able to utilise Herons (1975) cathartic strategy with positive effect via empathising with Neil’s situation and using myself as a therapeutic tool through the use of touch, thus enabling Neil to express his emotions and activate a nurse-patient relationship. Studies have shown that nurses can express compassion and empathy through touch, using themselves as a therapeutic tool (Routasalo 1999, Scholes 1996) and this has a cathartic value, enabling the patient to express their feelings more easily (Leslie Baillie 1996). The therapeutic value of non-verbal communication and its harmfulness is overlooked (Salvage 1990). Attitudes are evident in the way we interact with others and can create atmospheres that make patient care uncomfortable (Hinchcliff, Norman, Schoeber 1998) On one occasion, one nurse privately referred to Neil as a â€Å"wimp† because he was having difficulty coping with the death of his wife. I wondered whether her body language had transmitted her bad attitude towards Neil, contributing to his distress and difficulties in communicating with staff. Again using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, I shall provide another example to highlight my learning in practice. What happened (Gibbs 1988)? Cycle On one occasion my mentor and I received a phone call from A E asking us to review an 18-year-old girl called Emma who had taken an overdose. They said she was medically fit to be assessed. When we arrived they claimed that she was pretending to still feel unwell and described her as â€Å"milking it†. We found her to be vomiting and discovered she had been left in a bed in the corridor of A E for 8 hours. McAllister (2001) found that patients who had self-harmed were ignored, had exceptionally long waits and suffered judgemental comments. What were my thoughts and feelings (Gibbs 1988)? I felt very angry towards A E staff as I felt that she was being unfairly treated because she had caused harm to herself, she had been labelled as a troublemaker by staff and I do not believe she had received good quality care. Emma explained that in the last month her father had died, she had miscarried her baby, discovered that her partner was having an affair, and she had been made redundant leaving her with debts that she couldn’t pay. As I looked at her, I saw a vulnerable young woman at the end of her tether. I felt saddened and disappointed by the judgemental attitudes of the A E staff who had not even taken the time to talk to Emma or ask her why she had taken an overdose, instead they describe her as an â€Å"immature and attention seeking kid†. As per Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle, I felt this was a very bad experience of poor care, bad attitudes and unacceptable moral judgement being made by A E staff. Cohen (1996) and Nettleton (1995) identify that social status; age, gender, race and class contribute to stereotyping and judgemental attitudes. I noticed that people who self-harmed were judged differently dependent upon their age and the younger they were the worse the attitude of A and E staff. Interestingly ageism towards youth is an area that I could find no research on. I believe ageism towards younger people is overlooked and is really only identified in the elderly. During the assessment I was aware of how my physical presence can impact on the care given. However, I have learnt about the importance of considering how one can communicate to the patient via body language. By attending to patients in a non-verbal or physical way it is another method of saying, â€Å"I’m interested, I’m listening and I care.† To do this during Emma’s assessment I utilised Egan’s (1982) acronym S.O.L.A.R. This meant that I sat facing Emma Squarely, with an Open posture, Leaning towards her, whilst making Eye contact and Relaxing myself, to give her the feeling of my willingness to help. This client centred care recognises her equality in the nurse-patient relationship. What sense did I make of the situation (Gibbs 1988)? I was very unhappy about the attitude of A E staff but recognised that they had a lack of understanding and knowledge. In one study looking at self-harm admissions it was discovered that patients who deliberately self-harm are often deemed as unpopular patients, being labelled and judged as time wasters by A E staff. Apparently 55% of general nurses perceived these patients as attention seekers and disliked working with them, 64% found it frustrating, 20% found it depressing and almost a third found it uncomfortable (Sidley, Renton 1996). What else could I have done (Gibbs 1988) After reflecting upon the experience with my mentor, I was able to realise that part of my role is to act as a representative for mental health. If this happened again what would I do (Gibbs 1988)? If staff were to make judgemental comments again it is part of my role to educate and inform them so they can have a positive understanding of the needs of the mental health patient and learn to address any judgemental comments made. This is a view supported by Johnstone (1997), who says that if we are made aware of our actions when we are judging and labelling people it is our responsibility to correct this. Medical staff need to be aware of mental health promotion, and need further training and education in respects of helping to care for and understand of this vulnerable patient group (Hawton 2000). This is a view supported by the Department of Health (DOH 1999a) who have recommended closer liaison between mental health and A E services in an effort to address the poor understanding and negative attitudes of A E staff. I have also learnt that I must look at both sides of each situation and should show more understanding towards the A E staff’s feelings, as they are often confronted with shocking and distressing acts of self infliction which can make them feel despair, helpless and unskilled to deal with these sort of patient. I believe nurses negative attitudes develop because we all intuitively apply own our values and views to everyday situations, people, experiences and interactions. It may be the staff member’s own coping mechanism to keep their distance from the patient or to label them as attention seeking in order to make sense of the situation for themselves. This is a view supported by Johnstone (1997). In reflection, following the assessment and planning of care for Emma my mentor and I reflected upon the care I provided for her. I recognised that I felt nervous because it was my first experience of conducting an assessment. Having my mentor there to observe me made me feel secure because I trusted my mentor and could rely on her expertise to ensure that I provided safe practice for Emma. However, I still felt anxious as I was faced with an unknown situation. This made me realise how difficult and intimidating the assessment process may have felt to Emma. I had the security of feeling safe in the relationship with my mentor. Emma didn’t know either of us. This highlighted the huge value of the nurse-patient relationship and how the importance of utilising Rogers (1961) theory of client-centred care involving unconditional positive regard, warmth, genuineness and empathy towards patients. My mentor said that I provided evidence based care and I appeared to have a good humanistic approach, sensitively providing client centred care. She joked that I was so keen to ‘get it right’ that I was practically sat on Emma’s knee in my efforts to non-verbally show to Emma that I was attentive and listening to her. I think that whilst this was a joke, I will endeavour to continue to be keen but will relax a bit more, hopefully as I gain more experience myself. I will also use the insight and understanding from these experiences to benefit my future practise and the care I provide for patients. Boyd Fales (1983) suggest, â€Å"Reflective learning is the process of internally examining an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in terms of self, and which results in a changed conceptual perspective.† Self-reflection helps the practitioner find practice-based answers to problems that require more than the application of theory (Schon 1983). I have discovered this to be true, especially in mental health nursing where problem solving may be in the realm of religious, spiritual or cultural beliefs, emotional or intuitive feelings, ethics and moral ideals, which sometimes cannot be theorised. With one patient I couldn’t understand his unwillingness to engage in therapy even though he turned up for a weekly appointment. Once I reflected on this with my mentor I realised that I was not considering his strict religious and cultural background, which complicated his care. I realised that I had been completely ignorant of his needs and had in-fact lacked self-awareness otherwise I would have recognised these issues sooner. According to Kemmis (1995) a benefit of self-reflection is that it helps practitioners become ‘aware of their unawareness’. I have learnt that there are barriers to reflection. On occasions after seeing a patient my mentor may interpret events in a slightly different way to myself. Newell (1992) and Jones (1995) criticize the idea of reflection arguing that it is a flawed process due to inaccurate recall memory and hindsight bias. Another criticism of refection is that it aims to theorise actions in hindsight therefore devaluing the skill of responding intuitively to a patient (Richardson 1995). I considered that my thought to hold Neil’s hand may have been intuitive but because we must use evidence based practice and appropriate frameworks of care, I theorised my care and utilised Heron’s (1975) framework. I believe self-reflection helps me to become self-aware. Self-awareness is achieved when the student acknowledges there own personal characteristics, including values, attitudes, prejudices, beliefs, assumptions, feelings, counter-transferences, personal motives and needs, competencies, skills and limitations. When they become aware of these things and the impact they have on the therapeutic communication and relationship with the patient then they become self-aware (Cook 1999). I have learnt through these experiences that reflection can be a painful experience as I have recognised my own imperfections and bias. I have felt angry with general nursing staffs attitudes towards mental health patients and have now been able to realise that this emotion is unhelpful and instead I should be more tolerant and understanding and help them to understand the patients needs. It is also difficult especially if one is experiencing strong emotions such as anger, frustration and grief (Rich 1995). At times I have over-identified with my patients and personalised their situation to similar situations of my own. This is known as counter-transference and has blinded my ability to address their care needs. Counter-transference is the healthcare professionals emotional reaction to the patient, it is constantly present in every interaction and it strongly influences the therapeutic relationship, but is often not reflected upon (Slipp 2000). Counter-transference can be defined as negative as it can create disruptive feelings in the clinician, causing misguided values and bias (Pearson 2001). I have learnt that it is crucial for me to consider how my reactions to a patient’s problem can impact on the care I provide. Whilst I endeavour to always give 100% best and unbiased care to each patient, I have realised I respond more favourably to patients that I like or identify with. For example I was extremely compassionate and biased towards both Emma and Neil and I feel that my personal life experiences influenced me because I could really empathise with them both. However, I realised that I am only human and that as long as I recognise the impact of counter-transference then I can use it positively as my self awareness of the fact that the process is occurring will enable me to address and challenge my own thoughts, feelings and responses. To conclude, I have been able to highlight my learning over the last two and a half years, both personally and professionally. This has enabled me to look at the areas that I am good at and the areas that I can improve on. I have been able to look at the quality of the care I have given patients and considered what I have achieved, how I felt, how I could have done things better, what was successful and unsuccessful, what issues influenced me and what understanding I had of the experience. I have also been able to recognise my role as a representative for mental health nursing and how I can promote it to other healthcare professionals. I have also identified the value of the role of my mentor in helping me to develop as a nurse. I will use the insight and understanding from these experiences to benefit my future practice and the care I provide for patients. ACTION PLAN Word Count 1086 What are my goals? My mentor and I discussed the areas that I want to improve on. We identified that my stronger points are common sense, logical approach and practical ability in terms of things like risk assessing and problem solving. I am also competent in the building of a therapeutic relationship, utilising a humanistic care philosophy, person centre approach, empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard and honest. I also have a good knowledge in respect of mental health promotion, anxiety management, basic counselling skills, understanding of the fundamentals associated with nursing, assessment and communication models and the basic principles of psychotherapy. I feel I have come a long way in two and a half years and have accomplished a lot. However, there are areas that I recognise that I can improve on and I am happy that I can address these as I hope this will improve my learning, skills and competency as a nurse in the future, providing better patient care. The areas I need to gain more knowledge and experience of include: understanding the religious, cultural and spiritual needs of the patient and how this impacts on their care and quality of life, recognising and working with counter transference and my tendency to feel the need to over protect patients as this does not help the patient to utilise choice, be responsible for themselves or empower themselves. I want to continue developing my own self awareness through self reflection. Finally I wish to develop my academic abilities and to train further so that I have more knowledge. Why have I chosen these issues? I have chosen to improve my knowledge and understanding of patients religious, cultural and spiritual needs and how this impacts on their care and quality of life, because by doing this I hope to be able to address their needs holistically. To successfully undertake a thorough assessment the healthcare practitioner needs to identify the holistic needs of the patient, failure to do so would neglect the patients physical, psycho-social and spiritual needs (Stuart and Sundeen 1997.) At present I feel I am unable to fully comprehend or provide best care as I feel I lack the skills and knowledge to do so. I also wish to further consider the impact of counter transference and my tendency to feel the need to over protect patients. I feel that if I gain more understanding and recognition of how counter-transference can change my reaction to a patient then I will be able to address it and have more control and choice over my nursing and my responses. In practice, I have experienced strong emotional reactions to some patient’s, perhaps because I could identify with some of their issues. However, this can result in my wanting to over protect them, which may disempower them, and this is unhelpful. Different characteristic in patients can influence the emotional reaction of the nurse (Holmquist 1998). I need to be able to recognise these characteristics in the patient and be self aware of the way I am responding. I want to continue developing my own self-awareness through self-reflection, as I will need to be able to exercise autonomous and expert judgement as a qualified nurse. The ability to use self-reflection as a learning tool to becoming self-aware will help me achieve this. This is a view supported by (Wong 1995). Boud, Keogh Walker (1995) believe self reflection is an important human activity, essential for personal development as well as for the professional development of the nurse. By being able to mull over my experiences will help me challenge my beliefs and behaviour as an individual and a nurse. Finally I wish to develop my academic abilities and to train further so that I have more nursing knowledge. Experience alone is not the key to learning (Boud et al 1985). I wish to gain further qualifications so that I may further my career and knowledge, as this will provide a sense of achievement and fulfilment for me. How am I going to achieve my goals? I intend to develop my portfolio and keep an open reflective diary (Richardson 1995) to show evidence of my learning and prepare for my PREPP. Portfolios are seen as a collection of information and evidence used to summarize what has been learnt from prior experience and opportunities (Knapp 1975), and acknowledges professional and personal development, knowledge and competence, providing nurses with evidence of their eligibility for re-registration every three years (NMC 2002). I believe maintaining my portfolio helps with one’s self-assessment and will help me to develop my strengths, plus identify and critically evaluate my weaker areas, this is a view supported by Garside (1990). However in contrast Miller Daloz (1989) suggest there is no evidence to suggest that self assessment contributes to enhance self awareness. A barrier to one’s ability to self-reflect may be time constraints and socio-economic factors such as high staff and management turnover, low staff morale and staff illness (Bailey 1995) I hope to overcome this by being a supportive team member to my colleagues and maintaining a positive mental attitude. I am happy to work on my portfolio and diary in my own time as I think it is a valuable learning tool. I will use my preceptorship, learning in practice, observation in practice and clinical supervision to help achieve my goals. Reflection on action is considered to be an essential part of clinical supervision (Scanlon Weir 1997). I will continue to use Gibbs (1988) Reflective Model to help me develop my learning through reflection. I will need to feel confident that by sharing my portfolio, diary, reflection or seeking advice via preceptorship and supervision that this will not reflect negatively on me and effect my ability to feel able to trust my mentor. Students and staff sometimes feel unable to fully express themselves or belittled by the power relationship if supervision is not in a trusting relationship feeling it could be open to bias, personality clashes, counter-transference or could disadvantage them in terms of career development (Richardson 1995 Jones 2001). However, good clinical supervision enables nurses to feel better supported, contributing to safer and more effective nursing (Teasdale 2001, Jones A 2001). I hope to continue with life long learning and would like to be able to study for a degree in nursing. I shall do this by apply for funding once I am employed and hope that whoever my employers are they will support me in my goal to become better qualified. 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