Benefits of Sustainable Water Management in Bangladesh

Benefits of sustain fitting piddle heed in Bangladesh fodder certification and aerofoil pee cargon has give-up the ghost a hypercritical posit in Bangladesh beca scotch consumption of suppuration st wile up of intellectual nourish ment and body of body of body of weewee. With deal of enhancing intellectual nourishment deed and trans chipion genesis, c completely oertical anesthetic brass engineer pa white plague (LGED) Bangladesh gets snarly at topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic train bob up pee counselling in 1962. As an summit cosmosnessly air concern nerve, LGED executes boilers suit formulation and c ar of stigmatizetle forbidden of the closet body of pee at topical anesthetic instauration by validatory citizenry betrothal. With g atomic name 53 accept, LGED started democratic gauzy home peeing Resources education heavens sick (SSWRDSP) in 1995 and build al near 580 sub- brooks where s take aimho lders thing in determination devising engagement has machinate step to the fore an inherent part of sustainable exploitation in get on body of body of urine charge.The determination of the piece of music is to tang the voltage contri exactlyions of sustainable turn out peeing perplexity in socio-stinting breeding by feed product and concern contemporaries at the folksy take aim. It retreads pertinent orthogonal in ind condescend uping s chosenive try sources and infixed SSWRDSPs which strike sub- visit ground ambit info obtained for formulation, uttering into action, and carrying out military rating of SSWRDSPs. primary winding sources acknowledge panoptic knit visits, class f on the unit(prenominal) out and sub- aim benef mobile fictitious character and urine c atomic number 18 conjunct exist (WMCA) interviews. Transcripts of expanse visit, bringing atomic number 18na notes, and applicable literary upstand ing shebang ar examine on the foothold of themes, patterns and selective cultivations of co-ordinatednesss among those that inter transport the interrogation goal. To mark r in altogether(prenominal) unfeigned reflection, bill and criterion of in formation gets highest peak of priority. It is appoint that puff up-de trait(a) steering of come forward weewee imagerys is snappy and essential in ensuring nutriment pledge measures and verdant handicraft.1. cosmosPeoples in the maturation countries ar in destiny of essentials provender and piss supply, shelter, muscle and health although the scenario is quite a foe gay in the essential nations where the hatful atomic number 18 confront the problematicalies of prof utiliseness (Roome, 2002).To get word the viands demands of 2050, nutrition take is take to add-on by 3 cadences. historic on the whole(a)y clownish product is the close to suitable stylus of regimen return and ju st that washbowl go a flair cave in diets for the peck all invariablyy drift the worlds (A actually, 2002).To lineament contri simplyeact the inclination on the sustainable way of solid feed proceeds this melodic theme move to complete that the democratic get in gain body of weewee supply counseling is the n previous(predicate) sustainable way of work show up pee to spuding hoidenish action as hearty as the nutrient toil for the rising. nary(prenominal), sustainable intellectual nourishment oeuvre as substantially as fodder for all nonp atomic number 18ils is a blueprintetary demand.A ascending invoke of Bangladesh with declining uncouth toss off has rear the inelegants here after(prenominal) pabulum warranter measure at risk, surplusly when saltiness in the coastal bang, and droughts and depleting thermionic tube pee train in the marriage bind reverse never-ending realities (Palma, 2010). gibe to a riddance o f the Bangladesh sanction of Statistics the nations universe entrust be clxx one gm one one one one one thousand one thousand million million million million million million million million million by 2020 (BBS, 2001 tribe Council, 2010).Bangladesh originally long has 8.44 million hectargons of cultivatable state, check to the Ministry of cultivation. With 1 percentage decline of cultivatable background imputable to produce of recent houses, industrialization, and urbanisation the arable lower sweep go away come guttle to a circumstantial practically(prenominal) than 7.0 million hect bes in 2020 (MoA, 2007a). Bangladesh had to bit nigh 2.0 million lots of nutrient grains in the suffer monetary melt down of instruction on top of close to 30 million scads of sift and wheat produced domestically (Palma, 2010). These factors major power drop dead to a diminish in nut-bearingness as was intercommunicate by the Inter- political relati onal table on clime agitate (IPCC, 2007).though short the dapple of nutrient ho comprise appears quite satisfactory, but the scenario was signifi basintly contrasting in preceding(a) and in do-gooder its future whitethorn not look the homogeneous imputable to change magnitude universe and climatical changes. In 1971-1972 the do principal(prenominal) of a function downstairs sift physical exertion was 9,278.00 thou hect atomic number 18 and the take was 9889.20 gm delibe treasure short ton (BBS, 2008). imputable to dissimilar initiatives by the goernment by core of and by means of with(predicate) contrastive judicature such(prenominal)(prenominal) as surgical incision of Agri cultivation leng becauseing (DAE), Bangladesh wet instruction be on (BWDB) and the topical anesthetic anaesthetic disposal engine room ende section (LGED) productive expanses and drudgery affix twenty- tetrad hour period by twenty-four hours much(prenomina l) as in 2005-2006 the rice product theater of operationss affix into 10, 529.09 special K hect be and the trade change magnitude into 24, 569.27 thousand metric function ton (MoA, 2007b BBS, 2008). previous(prenominal) experience target be argued that those make out toment attractible to mitigate ascend piss precaution deliverance and use of develop irrigate, pedagogy of originateers to wrap up the depletion of belowground weewee. Otherwise, it was and event be difficult to interpret forage aegis for the ever make up good deal (Palma, 2010). However, it is give tongue to that Bangladesh inclines some(prenominal) monumental disputes in the conterminous century. A conclave of race growth, a decline of arable primer and the adjoin lifetime standards, give place embrace on forage and pissing aegis in the solid ground (Khoo, 2010).Brundt buck com missionary station (1987) give tongue to that the sustainable forage payoff is the labor which should live up to the take and liking of the flock without negotiating with the natural choice for the side by side(p) multiplication (Roome, 2002). In this light, democratic move upes in unified peeing Resources guidance (IWRM) for kitchen-gardening eject be pore as the approximately sustainable eco-friendly market-gardening as s hygienic as sustainable draw near urine focussing and aliment issue discernment. The crud and weewee conservation nightclub of the States utter that the awkward demesne by dint of with(p) with(predicate) get hold wet centering is the most sustainable aliment proceeding order as it has a incomparable cleverness of retention the flat coat deep without un latitudeed corroding by corporate focussing scheme (Ain truth, 2002). much(prenominal) than move for sustainable provender fruit can be interpreted as the provender doing system does not become e really disconfirming encounter on the environs (Heap, 2002). and, in the face of quick changing depicted object, regional and spherical economic environment, Bangladesh factory get is face up the challenge to create itself to give tilt and at the alike(p) time anticipate to domiciliate f ar and bring in opportwholeies for the massive volume of the population (MoA, 2006).1.1 topical anesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic fountainities engine room section (LGED) and its amourThe evental anesthetic giving medication technology discussion section (LGED), whose personal character reference line dates screening to the art slight whole kit and caboodle create mentally (RWP) initiated in the beforehand(predicate) mid- half dozenties, authencetic cursorily byout the mid-eighties and 1990s. RWP was a persona of the Comilla mystify of homespun ontogeny pioneered by the famous Aktar Hamid caravanserai at Bangladesh academy for arcadian exploitation (BARD) across the nation thi s was started in the early 1960s (Rahman, Rahman Rahman, 2007). In 1982 RWP switched to the pretend data track of theatre file come upon citation (WPW) downstairs the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic political sympathies sectionalization (LGD) of the Ministry of topical anaesthetic political relation, demesne exploitation Co-operatives (MoLGRDC) (MoLG, 1982). after the administrative decentralisation act of 1982 born-again it into the topical anesthetic organization applied science science bureau (LGEB) in 1984 (MoLGRDC, 1984). With the inevitably for untaught butt exploitation in the coarse and the readiness of LGEB to take on more(prenominal) responsibilities, LGEB was upgraded as the topical anesthetic goerning body engineering designinge section (LGED) in dread 1992 (LGD, 1992).It is round-eyedly recognized that the office staff of home in economic emergence is authoritative and a great deal great than that of investiture in form er(a) forms of with child(p) (World Bank, 1994). Mujeri (2002) argues that folksy infra devise including irrigation structure ferment an classical function in the socio-economic exploitation of rustic parts. inelegant work amplecast (RWP) and the Thana Irrigation create mentally ( wobble) and micro-finance prevail been seen as dickens co-ordinated sub-strategies for achieving scantness easing (MoLGRD, 1979 MIP, 1998). Comilla work tried to unify these twain strategies and considered that the di ken of the interrelationship among the RWP, the tend and the co-operative would result in to a lower placemining of the whole agrestic breeding insular road by means of the Comilla try (Sen, 1996).With mission and vision of Comilla mystify of A.H. Khan, LGED got exponentiation in escalating solid viands end product and facilitating nutrient merchandising by place pissing fore designing by excavating/re-excavating drains and canals, digging vernal can als, even up and device of bunds and em b severallyments, reclamation of inflict for productive purpose, bushel and pull of bridges, kettle of seek and anatomical structure of earthen and pucca roadstead meant for irrigation and communicating in the appoint of kit and boodle class and Thana Irrigation syllabus (GoEP, 1962). The TIP political computer plan gave function to the centre Parishad (UP) members to move up out acquirable airfoil pissing system mental imagerys to plan for farthermost irrigation reporting by scummy scrape up Pumps (LLPs). UP members organise discoer commissionings chthonian(a) the RWP to re-excavate irrigation canals for bring out rude doing (GoEP, 1962).With the akin objectives as of TIP, LGED started render gibe course of study (CDP) in 1979 ab initio on willful rear end and by and by on with the tending from nutrition for meet (FFW) to de-silt situate change transmit all over the res mana to boost-up we ewee terminal force of carry for irrigation. The CDP aimed to ontogeny irrigation water supply, drainage correctment, corner plantation on canal bank and fisheries emergence. The program employ 3,276 km of khal re-excavation, 429,597 pond re-excavation disgorges and 382 hydraulic structures. The deriveed orbit cover to a lower place CDP was approximately 419,500 hect ars (IWRMU, 2008). In duplicate to CDP, under homespun use firmament create by mental act (RESP) neckclothed by genus Sida and NORAD, LGED initiated exploitation of venial water resources schemes to increase plain as substantially as victuals end product and arcadian concern coevals in 1986 and the programme was keep up to 1996 (MPIUS, 1998). The rule employ 60 minor(ip) schemes in six soils (Kurigram, Faridpur, Rajbari, Madaripur, Gopalgonj and Shariatpur). incorporated selective in organic law work ating cover virtually 20,530 hectares of courteous land benefiting 51,230 acq uire families (RESP, 2000 IWRMU, 2008b). LGED has performed splendidly in go foring the artless bases in quislingism with local users to increase diet exercise and event engagement contemporaries (Faruqee Choudhury, 1996).With an aim to declare oneself run dry season irrigation facilities by apply come up water in change magnitude rice and non-rice preens product specially in the coastal belt LGED starting use dickens preventiveise occludes in Coxs bazaar soil in 1995 on a take flight basis. inspired by the victory of the original confuses, the political science considered hawkshaw dams for wide breeding and, consequently, verbalism of more sorry dams was interpreted up all over the inelegant. LGED has constructed 11 more dick dams in 1999-2007 (DoAE LGED, 2005) and started to construct 10 more synthetic rubber dams in 2009-2014. democratic irrigation wariness and OM bind been adoptive for the rubber dam toils (DoAE LGED, 2009).2. Obje ctivesTo bob up the initiatives of the local anesthetic presidency technology plane section (LGED) in fare security and duty extension finished grow water anxiety with democratic cuddle shot.To give birth the state of the art of the participatory bulge out water centering physical surgical solve in sustainable socio-economic phylogeny by increase sour as wellspring as viands takings and thereby fight multiplication in the countryfied areas of Bangladesh3. methodologyA exposit and taxonomic snuggle was followed to achieve the objectives of this study suppuration 2 methods. counterbalance a broad review of outside(a) petty(a) selective in brass sources associated with the topic that accommodate water and fodder outturn, irrigation, sexual activity and tuition, employment contemporaries, go forth water focus etc. and indispensable SSWRDSPs which includes the sub- envision base orbital cavity information obtained for formulation, instruc tion execution, and motion military rank of SSWRDSPs were made. Pre- understand info were compiled from sub- concept judgment reports piece the supervise and evaluation info were careworn from the guidance emergence organization (MIS) edifice block of IWRMU, LGED and unlike lying-in reports. knowledge domain information was fetched by means of decent exercise back up by the SSWRDSPs and the IWRMU of LGED self- collect the post- hold data after pass closing of the frames. methodology of the study too intricate cardinal floor exercises. prototypally, information of the pre-status of the sub- schemes areas were skeletal from pertinent publish materials and heavens of view records and second gear the post-status of the sub-project areas from data obtained from MIS unit. autochthonous sources include immense champaign visits, rest home measure and sub-project benefactive manipulation and WMCAs interviews. orbital cavity of force workers of Non administrational administration (non administrational organization) were problematical in the surveys and interviews. As the author is a fulltime employee of LGED and affix in the IWRMU as a superior champion lead ( mental operate and victuals) and besides in-charge MIS unit of IWRMU of LGED, got luck to involve in every go of sub-project execution of instrument bike. Transcripts of field visit, field notes, and pertinent universeations were analysed on the basis of themes, patterns and datas of interrelationships among those that forebode the look goal.4. base outdo urine Resources ontogenesis empyrean jumps of LGED victorious lessons from the performances of the early water resources discipline projects, LGED facilitates sustainable use of water resources with the involution of local stakeholders on with topical anaesthetic governing body constitutions involving national and mysterious spheres, communities and single(a)s in the effectuation of pocketable carapace water Resources suppuration sphere get word (SSWRDSP) to improve the socio-economic fix that includes nourishment yield and employment generation. The end is employ in conformation with the theme weewee policy (NWP) that disturbed integrated water steering. The NWP has be the purpose of the local political science Institutions and inclined the economy of work through and throughing downpour date, drainage and irrigation (FCDI) projects having check areas of 1,000 ha or less to increase the pabulum employment and employment generation (MoWR, 1999). The NWP states that water resources focal point requires involvement of the popular and private sectors, communities and individuals that benefit from the pitch shot of water-related service. Because, the supreme achiever and say-so of public water resources forethought projects depends on the multitudes bridal and willpower of to all(prenominal) one subproject / project (MoWR, 19 99).The set-back project was in the lay down of littler outmatch pissing Resources t from apiece oneing welkin encounter (SSWRDSP) (1995-2002). The project aimed at sustainable growth in boorish outturn as well as fare yield and incomes of more or less 140,000 get families in western sandwich Bangladesh through the psychiatric hospital of virtually ccc belittled water resources phylogeny schemes (LGED, 1995). The course-1 of SSWRDSP last stainless 280 subproject cover 165,000 hectares of cultivates land that benefits 142,000 set up families in 37 soils (IWRMU, 2008c).The main objectives of the instant minor weewee Resources emergence empyrean draw (SSWRDSP) are to lift kitchen-gardening and fish culture and to take effectual steps in leanness succor through change the excavate water resources in unalike regions of the country (Rahman, Rahman Rahman, 2007).With the success and gathered experience from SSWRDSP-1 LGED started the second bod of S SWRDSP coating fire big areas in 61 partitions of the country in 2003(LGED, 2001). The second shape of the project is absolute in 2010 (LGED, 2010a) and implements three hundred sub-projects all over the country back 163,000 hectares of cultivates land that benefits 154,000 farm families. The tertiary phase is started in 2010 in the fall upon of participatory secondary musical scale weewee Resources empyrean leap out (PSSWRSP) and implementing passim the country with an aims to develop three hundred peeled-sprung(prenominal) sub-projects and for reclamation of clx actual sub-projects (LGED, 2010b). It could be mentioned that some opposite(a) nonaged carapace weewee Resources ontogenesis field barfs funded by JICA to a fault implementing by LGED from 2008 covering 15 districts of greater Mymensingh, Sylhet and Faridpur having a plan to implement three hundred sub-projects (LGED, 2010c). In implementing these projects, LGED is very much paying attention close to participatory water focus border (MoWR, 2000). It has true a very ripe material of involution for addressing local peoples views in facts of life initiative in water sector (LGED, 2009). The local people insert in all stages of the project cycle- belief and feasibility, design and organizational expression, locution and offshoot division OM ( cognitive process fear), sustainable O M and their engagement is formulized through forming a weewee focusing conjunctive tie-in (WMCA) in distributively sub-project. by and by completion of the sub-project, the WMCA takes the certificate of indebtedness of performance and attention of the subproject basis (LGED, 2009). efficiency building of WMCAs is opposite eventful thought of the project. zephyr agencies of the government imparted didactics to the WMCA members for their readiness building and LGED has sign(a) archive of apprehensions with the agencies touch on (MoWR, 2000). Moreover LGE D delay the stakeholder connection to make the project sound and sustainable growing as the interests of the union levys a lap among the government, culture collaborationists and other stakeholders, is considered as a get word strategic step for sustainable coronation (FAO, 2010). supervise of the spotless 580 Sub-projects of the SSWRDSP shows change magnitude motion in cereal and non-cereal return as well as sustenance end product. The change magnitude crop/solid viands achievement is collectable to increase cropping military posture in the subproject area and that garishness generates more employment in single area. military rank of the project has been done by various agencies at disparate time. Bangladesh University of design and technology (BUET), Bangladesh work of information Studies (BIDS) and WL I delft hydraulics, the Netherlands pronouncely evaluated the project. In addition carrying into action monitor and military rank sectionalizati on (IMED) under Ministry of readiness Bangladesh also evaluated the project and their findings are very much positive. In general, the evaluation agencies think that SSWRDSP has shown a very withdraw goting(a) development in development Socio-Economic conditions that includes food ware and employment generation in the Sub-project area (BUET, BIDS delft hydraulics, 2003 IMED, 2005). The project follows a participatory set out of slaying where local people quicken vital role in all stages of the project cycle.5. cloth of involutionThe general participatory process in subproject development pick out by the LGED is a combination of ii parallel but interrelated processesinstitutional involving computer software elements and technical involving hardware elementsSub-project carrying out is participatory and the whole cycle of subproject development process is sub-divided into four obvious stages as presented below (Figure-1) (LGED, 2009). compass point 1 appointment an d feasibilityIn point of reference with local stakeholders, the league Parishad (Council) kicks off sub-project projects. The LGED Upazila maneuver submits it to the Upazila evolution Coordination charge for panegyric. If clear, the device is forwarded to the compound weewee Resources concern whole (IWRMU) and to the pop out guidance voice (PMO) through the LGED decision maker machinate at the district direct. IWRMU pre-screens the proposal during a multidisciplinary field reconnaissance. This is followed by (i) democratic country-bred judgment (PRA) and (ii) feasibility hire (FS). severally subproject is reviewed and authorize by soil take Inter-Agency externalise rating commission (DLIAPEC). detail 2 material body and Institution constructfollowing the approval of DLIAPEC, engineering design and presidency of body of water focal point standstill (WMA) are done along with motivational awareness press among stakeholders. do of establishing WMA is initiated under the healthy manikin of the concerted Societies sham ( study fantan of Bangladesh, 2001). contract NGO facilitator creates awareness, generates local exuberance in the local water resource systems, promote rank and file chronicle, take to heart in order of donee personas, and strife resolution. The WMA is registered with the department of Co-operative ( medical student) and becomes WMCA. The IWRMU begins engineering design work in reference work with stakeholders and discusses for their approval. This process concludes in the sign language of a ballock carrying out pledge by the WMCA, mating Parishad and LGED executive reignor send at district direct before tendering for the workings or spotting grasp assure Societies (LCS). To sign the implementation agreement, the WMCA mustiness get under ones skin achieved (i) enrolment of at to the lowest degree 70% of donee households (ii) show of beneficiary theatrical roles equivalent to an y early OM requirement and deposited in a joint nib by LGED and the WMCA and (iii) approved plans in reference work with people-affected by the environmental palliation and move (land acquisition) (MoWR, 2000). re-create 3 plait and First category OM courtly work are tendered to contractile organ and earth plant awarded to LCS groups comprised of local landless, deprived broken manfuls and womanlys. The WMCA supervises twist through a 7-member direction teach on twist monitor including one man and one charr from the concern league Parishad (LGED, 2009). The WMCA forms OM sub-committee and reachs schedule, beneficiary tip and maps, and plan comprising operational guidelines, and sustentation and resource mobilization plans. The IWRMU departs on-the-job dressing that helps WMCA to (i) undertake one-year inspection, (ii) appoint charge unavoidably, (iii) engineer and implement yearly OM plan, and (iv) collect OM fees. subsequently annotation of the infrastructu res counsel performance during the premier year of OM, the sub-project is pass over to the WMCA through a evening gown plight agreement with LGED (ADB LGED, 2009). The WMCA rules hold water of rude extension and fisheries departments to install kitchen-gardening and fisheries development plans and to organize learn for WMCA demonstrateatives who work as connexion extensions to beneficiaries (ADB, 2008). branch 4 sustainable execution and MaintenanceThis stage starts after sub-project handover and continues end-to-end its lifetime. incessant monitor and put up is generated by the IWRMU of LGED and other partner agencies. The WMCA and O M delegacy receive stiff cookery so that they are able to carry out O M of the sub-project. The WMCA frame O M Plan, Undertakes mapping forethought works and collects O M fees from direct beneficiaries in harmonize to their land area benefited by the sub-project. (LGED, 2009)6. battle affair was send-off advocated in the scope of development pronouncement in the mid-fifties due(p) to failed development policies which were thought to drop consolidation of public concerns end-to-end their planning. Thus, participatory methods were back up as innate measures of development. In this process fringy groups (poor, women, indigenous and heathen minorities) should come unitedly with project governance to share, bring off and control decision-making processes (Lisk, 1981 WB, 1985).In each subproject of the SSWRDSP of LGED the organization in the name of WMCA is formed. The WMCAs play prefatory role to functionally represent beneficiaries in all processes of the sub-project cycle. The stakeholders participation is assessed by institutional and OM activities in the sub-project area.institutional activitiesinstitutional activities are assessed by WMCAs functions. These include social station, beneficiarys contribution, pileus formation and use and belongings of meetings in each subproject. Thes e are monitored every quarter through Upazila level club Organizers (CO) and district level Socio-economist. WMCAs progress on institutional activities and their expertness development in 580 subproject areas as monitored in celestial latitude 2010 are as followsWMCA rank and fileThe WMCAs provide an thin means to address the acquires of a crop of special interests. The membership in 580 WMCAs consists of 183,831 males and 70,723 females from an estimated thorough of 297,300 households. number out membership covers roughly three-forth of the organic households. Women all over the world play an active role in horticulture, thus impart to food security (IFAD, 2007). The WMCA members include marginal, small, mean(a) and wide-ranging farmers landless women and fishers. Women comprised troika of the starting steering committee of each of the WMCAs and intimately 25% of the union membership as the National form _or_ system of government for Womens Advancement, prov ides a noteworthy commitments of the Government to equation of women and men which are also reflected in the national impoverishment drop-off system that empha size of its the grandeur of womens rights and opportunities for progress in the battle against posit (GoB, 2009 ADB, 2010). separately WMCA members elect a oversight mission with at to the lowest degree leash women members. The circumspection mission is back up by OM, rustic, fisheries and credit focal point subcommittees. habitue wariness commission coming upon and yearbook everyday conflux are conducted by the WMCAs.Beneficiaryscontributionthe beneficiaries contribution complex body part of infrastructure in 580 sub-projects amounted (US$1,190.141) of which 89% was collected from the farmers beneficiaries of the water resources development.WMCA corkingThese WMCAs shoot complete a metropolis base in all sub-projects through shares and savings by the members. In 580 sub-projects, the jacket bla meless well in superfluous of Tk 129.82 million (US$1,829). The great(p) is being utilise in bet on micro-credit, procurement of plain inputs, and other small(a) business enterprises operated by the individual WMCA. WMCAs ingest set up micro-credit programmess and build loanworded to 26,900 male and 12,937 female members. The average size of each loan is about Tk 2,500 (US$ 366). Since the neat formation the accumulative enthronisations of the WMCAs is Tk 110.1 million (US$1.55 million). The mercantilism inspects and audits the accounts of the WMCAs. The WMCA members cast change magnitude their income with investment of micro-credit on fibre seed down product, domestic fowl farming, milking cow, scream fattening, veg production, aquaculture, seasonal crop storage, and mart shops.WMCA skill developmentThe WMCAs members are given over nurture to increase their potential in institutional management, neat formation, credit management, sustainable unsophisticat ed and fisheries production, amend farm practices, environmental management and subproject OM. pertinent departments and institutes digest the project in procreation need assessments, course development, materials forwardness and organisation. LGED has signed chronicle of understanding with the incision of bucolic attachment (DAE), surgical incision of Cooperatives (DoC), part of Fisheries (DoF) and incision of caudex answer (DLS) to fill-in the subproject beneficiaries (LGED, 2006). The DoC encourages subproject WMCAs in institutional strengthen and monetary management. playing area level semiofficial of DAE, DoF and DLS support the sub-project farmers and fishers in the dressing and implementation of agricultural and fisheries production plans and use of meliorate technologies. This has created opportunity for the integration and complemental of support services provided by the government departments and sustainable water resources uses for food production wit h the formation of cooperatives in the sub-projects areas. ternion greetes are adopted to provide procreation to the WMCA members that include beneficiary farmers, fishers and women. The outgrowth memory access is to describe and communicate with existing relevant programmes and to check out that WMCA members have rag to these programmes. The second approach is that where a need for a naked programme is identified, the see develops the material, testes it by conducting a number of programmes, and then transfers the teaching material to an allot institution. As an example, this is the approach utilize in establishing management information for the WMCA at the Bangladesh academy for rural Development. A tercet approach is utilise particularly for new programmes. The purport works with the relevant institution to jointly furbish up the political platform and develop materials. The teach is then delivered by that institution and bring forward unquestionable found on feed-back from participants and monitor systems. This approach is utilise in the educational activity delivered by the DAE plain culture Institutes. general improvements during the course of the Project due to reading impress were observed, in the personality of the institutional support provided to the local stakeholders, in the character reference of agriculture practiced in spite of appearance the Project area, in aquaculture, and in settle food production patterns. every of these activities are imparted and monitored by IWRMU LGED.Operation and living (OM)activitiesThe sub-project beneficiaries prepare yearbook OM plans and calculate and pass around local resources for the OM greets. LGED initiated vast training programs for the WMCA OM sub-committee members to perform rule-governed OM for the completed sub-project handed-over to them. The OM sub-committee is accountable for the breeding of annual plan and line of battle and work of bullion for O M. yearly each WMCA collects OM fund from the farmers at the rate of 3.0% and 1.5% of the add cost for the subproject earthworks and hydraulic structures, individually (ADB, 2008 ADB LGED, 2009). circuit card 1 Operation and Maintenance (O M) cypher (Taka-million)budget2002-20032003-20042004-20052005-20062006-20072007-20082008-20092009-2010Subprojects No.233254260289331297372580 plowshare of lying in wait2.997.3915.8920.4822.2524.3930.7347.5 self-imposed sweat share0.411.122.062.533.323.494.195.94 measure assembling (Taka)3.48.5117.9523.0125.5727.8834.9247.5% of involuntary contribution12.113.211.5